The Misinterpretation of Criticism in Criminal Law: Assessing Judicial Capacity in Indonesia’s Digital Era
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This study examines the boundaries of freedom of expression in Indonesia’s digital space within the context of rapid technological development and the post-truth era. The expansion of social media has created new opportunities for public participation, while also increasing the risk of misuse in the form of defamation, hate speech, and disinformation. Using a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes the legal framework governing digital expression, particularly the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions and the Indonesian Criminal Code, in light of constitutional guarantees and international human rights standards. The findings reveal that ambiguous legal provisions, especially those related to defamation and hate speech, have led to overcriminalization and inconsistent law enforcement. In practice, criticism is often misinterpreted as a criminal act, creating a chilling effect on freedom of expression. However, a significant shift is observed in the KUHP, where certain provisions—such as those regulating demonstrations—adopt a material offense approach that focuses on harmful consequences rather than the act itself. This reflects a more balanced and just application of criminal law. The study also highlights the importance of distinguishing between legitimate criticism and unlawful expression, as well as the need to limit the use of criminal law as a last resort. In addition, low levels of digital literacy and inconsistent judicial interpretations further complicate the protection of freedom of expression. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is required, combining legal reform, judicial capacity building, and public education to ensure that freedom of expression is protected while maintaining public order and social responsibility.
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