Moving Beyond Numerical Compliance in Indonesian Local Education Budgeting
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the mandatory spending of 20% education budget within the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD), which is viewed not merely as a fiscal policy but as a constitutional obligation of local governments. In constitutional practice, the implications of the 20% allocation are not limited to educational expenditures. This study is included as normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. This article highlights the absence of a constitutional accountability mechanism of the education budget in the APBD and offers a framework for enforcing constitutional obligations within the context of regional autonomy. The findings reveal that the concept of constitutional obligation concerning mandatory spending on education has been understood only through the paradigm of quantitative compliance (numerical compliance), rather than substantive constitutional compliance, in which any budget item with an educational function is categorized as an education budget. In fact, mandatory spending under Article 31(4) UU1945 should be considered fulfilled only when resource allocation demonstrates a reasonable relationship between budgetary inputs and outcomes for the realization of the right to education. As a result, the APBD does not demonstrate a commitment to the enforceability of constitutional budgeting norms, which constitute a governmental duty under subnational constitutional compliance. A new constitutional accountability framework involves integrating and calibrating public oversight and participation to ensure the protection of the educational rights of all Indonesian citizens in accordance with the mandate of the Indonesian constitution.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Ackerman, B. (2000). The New Separation of Powers. Harvard Law Review, 113, 723.
Archer, D. (2026). Delivering the financing needed to progressively realize the right to education. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1674739. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1674739
Arianto, A. N., Edy, Y., & Firmansyah. (2018). Budget Policy to Eradicate Education Inequality in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 73, 09004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187309004
Assembly, G. (2015). Sustainable development goals. SDGs Transform Our World, 2030(10.1186).
Batubara, H. (2022). Analisis Perencanaan Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Pendidikan. Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(3), 258–269.
Bilchitz, D. (2007). Poverty and Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press.
Bird, R. (2010). Mandatory Spending and Fiscal Constitutionalism. Public Finance Review, 38(1), 45–47.
Crawford, J. (2012). State Responsibility: The General Part. Cambridge University Press.
Dugard, J. (2014). Judging the Social Rights in South Africa. Human Rights Quarterly, 36, 695.
Duke, G. (n.d.). Constitutional Symbolism in The Shadow of the Common of Good. German Law Journal (Forthcoming). https://doi.org/https://ssrn.com/abstract=4525000orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4525000
Dworkin, R. (1977). Taking Rights Seriously. Harvard University Press.
Esyi, A. J. (2025). Analisis Implementasi Alokasi Belanja Pendidikan dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia di Kota Surabaya: Studi Kasus Tahun 2023-2024. Jurnal Studi Administrasi Publik Dan Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(2), 165–175.
Fuller, L. L. (1969). The Morality of Law. Yale University Press.
Gutmann, J., Szaniawska, K. M., & Voigt, S. (2024). The Comparative Constitutional Compliance Database. Rev Int Organ, 19, 95–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-023-09491-7
Hart, H. (1994). The Concept of Law. Oxford University Press.
Hastuti, P. (2022). Menakar Konstitusionalitas Penundaan dan/atau Pemotongan Anggaran Transfer ke Daerah dalam UU APBN. Jurnal Konstitusi, 19(4), 843–864. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1945
Herman, A. A., & Hayat, M. J. (2021). Management of High Secondary Education After Regional Government Law. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v1i2.11
Hirschl, R. (2013). The Judicialization of Politics. Oxfod Academic, 253–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0013
Lewis, B. D. (2023). Local education spending mandates: Indonesia’s 20 percent rule. Education Economics, 31(4), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2022.2095353
Mujiyanan, M. (2024). Obdience to Constitutional Court Decision: Constitutional Obligation and Moral Obligation of Legislators. International Journal of Law, Public Administration and Social Studies, 1(2).
Omara, A. (2016). Constitutionalization of Budget For Education and its Judicial Inforcement in Indonesia. Constitutional Review, 2.
Omara, A. (2017). The Constitutionalization of Budget for Education and Its Judicial Enforcement in Indonesia. Constitutional Review, 2(2), 189–215. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev222
Post, R., & Siegel, R. (2007). Democratic Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press.
Rawls, J. (2001). Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Harvard University Press.
Saidman, L. M. (2012). On Constitutional Disobidience. Oxford University Press.
Sumiyana, S., & Effendi, R. (2024). Indonesia’s education budgeting system denoting low adaptiveness: Functionalism analysis. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2393870. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2393870
Tushnet, M. (1999). Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts. Princeton University Press.
Uprimny, R. (2008). The Constitutional Court and Control of Economic Policy in Colombia. Cambridge University Press.
Voigt, S. (2021). Min The Gap: Analyzing the Divergence Between Constitutional Text and Constitutional Reality. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 19(5), 1778–1809. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab060